The science (VEDA) that deals with the life (AYU) is called Ayurveda. 1. The Sanskrit word "Shukra" means "seed," "bright, pure and radiant," also means the essence of something (all other dhatu of the body). The Ayurveda Experience March 09, 2016. Necrozoospermia is akin to Vataja Shukra Dosha in Ayurveda. In modern terms , Shukrakshaya means when one or both testis unable Tridosha: Vata . Ayurveda strongly believed that a weak shukra dhatu was the culprit behind all male and female sexual problems. FOOD. The remedies for Shukra Dosha (Venus Malefic Effects) include fasting on Fridays as the day is bestowed to Goddess Shakti, the ruler of Shukra Grah. , It manifests on facial skin only. The health promoting powers of guduchi, or Tinospora cordifolia, offer such a wide range of benefits that the plant has long been associated with the life-giving nectar of the gods.The ancient Ayurvedic texts called it "Amrita," meaning immortality, which speaks to the high regard this herb holds as an essential member of the Ayurvedic pharmacopeia. Its function is reproduction and production of a fluid ( ojas ) which produces strength, aura and controls the immunity. Ayurveda firmly believed that a weak Shukra Dhatu was the culprit behind all Male and Female Sexual Problems. Pitta पित्त means bile and has the elements of fire and water. Diet and Lifestyle Tips: Natural Fertility Boosters There are two kinds of foods and herbs that help enhance shukra dhatu and therefore help enhance fertility. In ayurveda science, there are seven basic tissues that make the body and these tissues are collectively called Sapta Dhatu in Ayurveda. Ayurveda oder Ayurweda (Sanskrit, m., आयुर्वेद āyurveda, „Wissen vom Leben", von veda, ‚Wissen') ist eine traditionelle indische Heilkunst, die bis heute viele Anwender in Indien, Nepal und Sri Lanka hat.. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) | Related . (ideal time to take fruits is in the morning on an empty stomach) 4. This dhatu plays a greater role in fertility than in monthly menstruation. This process happens in the liver. Tritiya Baladi yapan basti: The reproductive health of men and women depends on strength of reproductive tissue called shukra dhatu. Introduction. Virechana also helps in shukravaha strotoshodhan. Las rutinas […] One is also advised to visit sacred places meant for the Mother Goddess. Prameha, which means "Obstinate Urinary Disease" in English, is a group of diseases described in Ayurveda. Shukra kshaya : In Ayurveda classics , two pathological condition of Shukra are described : 01. Ayurveda is considered as Upaveda (branch or sub-text) of . In this blog, we will familiarize you with ayurvedic medicine approach towards infertility treatment in men and women.". In Ayurveda, the term is commonly used to describe both the male semen and the female egg, as they contain the essence of all of the other dhatus (tissues) of the body. The structural and supporting units of the body are called Dhatu in Ayurveda. Habit of having luke warm cow's milk before sleep. It also facilitates dhatvagni hence increases formation of new shukra dhatu. With insight into the governing dosha, the cause of a diseased dhatu is accurately determined. This dhatu plays a greater role in fertility than in monthly menstruation. : and Kriyatmak Review of Twacha in Ayurveda with Reference to Skin": 2021; 4 (12):131-138 132 injury reduces harmful effects of UV radiation and acts as immune organ and helps in the production of vitamin D.[3] formed. Vata वात means wind and has the elements of ether and air. Written By Ayurvedic Healing Inc. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) | Related dhatu - rasa. Cuando cualquier dosha ha perturbado el shukra dhatu, es importante examinar la sanación del paciente. Appropriate doshas like vata, pitta and kaphas classified them as sannipataja shukra dushti, vataja shukra dushti, kaphaja shukra dushti and pittaja shukra dushti. Conceptual Study: Ayurveda texts have mentioned various characters of Shukra Dhatu which can be considered in finding out various Shukra dushti with respect to the predominant dosha resulting in dushti. An insufficiency or overabundance of any dhatu will negatively impact ojas which in turn hampers our physical and mental capacity. Uses - valuable in dyspepsia, diarrhea, hoarseness, flatulence and colic. In women, shukra dhatu is seen as the egg that's part of the monthly cycle and in men the semen makes up the . Any food that decreases ojas must be avoided as ojas is the sub product of shukra dhatu and is responsible for ovulation, hence enhances fertilization. According to Ayurveda, Body is made up of sapta dhatu Raaz returns medh asthi majja and shukra and three dosha vaat pitt cough if all these Dhatu and doshas are in equilibrium stage then the person is considered . As the seventh of the dhatus to be formed, shukra is the deepest and most complex dhatu. If there is imbalance in formation and maintenance of Shukra and if it is contaminated by morbid doshas, these persons will first suffer from diseases related to Shukra. Shukra means 'pure'. According to Ayurveda these five ingredients have immense health benefits when combined in correct proportions. In human physiology, Shukra dhatu is a body component having reproductive capacity. mahabhut pradhan dhatu, shukra kshaya is said due to increased pitta dosha and motility is de-creased due to vitiated vata. In Ayurveda, the term is commonly used to describe both the male semen and the female egg, as they contain the essence of all of the other dhatus (tissues) of the body. So Ayurveda, treats a person as a whole considering the variation in the dosha,dhathu and mala, to restore its equilibrium. Ayurveda offers a complete system to prevent problems and to restore balance before disturbances have become irreversible. Vedas consider Ayurveda as a gift of Gods to the mankind propounded from Lord "Brahma''. Jatharagni is the main digestive fire; if jatharagni is healthy, digestion is perfect. Fruits such as banana, grapes, mangoes (not sour), berries , pomegranate, avocado, amla/ indian gooseberry are best to take. About. Acene/Yauvanpidika stands for eruptions that occur on the face of a young known as Yuvanpidika. Shukra is the only dhatu that forms no waste. In order to produce Shukra Dhatu, it is important to balance the water element in the body, particularly through diet. The science (VEDA) that deals with the life (AYU) is called Ayurveda. Effect on dosha - V hP hK iEnergetics - pungent/hot/pungent. Shukra Dhatu & Reproductive Health. It also leads to the loss of bodily lustre, asthma and paralysis. It states that disease is born out of an amalgamation of dosha (v¡ta, pitta and kapha) and d¥shya (the corruptibles, also known as the seven dh¡tus or upadh¡tus). Each Dosha has its natural qualities, and as with the Gunas of Ayurveda there are foods that are . According to Ayurveda vata, pitta and kapha are the three doshas that govern towards controlling the forces of nature. In Ayurveda, diabetes is classified into 20 forms based on the dominant Doshas in the body. Dosha : The most fundamental and characteristic principle of Ayurveda is called "Tridosha" or the Three Humours.Dosha are the physiological factors of the body. Vajikarana Tantra claims that it has tips for a Normal, Healthy and Mature Shukra Dhatu, which is ultimately essential for satisfying and productive Sex.Ayurvedic Vajikarana Therapy in Hyderabad has firmly gained the success rate. According to Ayurveda, muscular dystrophy is due to imbalance of vata dosha and sapta dhatus (basic elements to maintain body structure). Ayurveda is the oldest and holistic system of medicine with its historical roots from India. Ayurvedic perspective, it was co-related with shukra dosha and based on clinical findings treatment protocol of Vatika shukra dosha, (Vata dominant) was followed. When vata or pitta dosha affect shukra, they undermine the quality of the egg and fertility may be . The Shukra dhatu is supported by the kapha dosha. The seven tissues or more precisely, dhatus are important from anatomical point of view. The word "ayurveda" is Sanskrit: आयुर्वेद, Āyurveda, meaning knowledge of life and longevity. Hence virechana is due to lower the vitiated pitta dosha. Sapta dhatus involve rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja and shukra which builds our body, each sapta dhatu has its own digestive fire (Dhatwagni). Shukra production occurs in both males and females. Shukra Dosha in Ayurveda Shukra dhatu is present in both males and females, hence don't confuse it with sperms or seminal fluid . Shukra dhatu, is reflective of the quality of the egg and the fluids that travel with it. When there is excess of shukra dhatu desire of excess coitus is there and stone in the shukravaha strotas may occur with pain. He was treated for a period of 3 ½ months and results was successful, along with that astounding result was seen in hypo-pigmented patches (vitiligo) Acharya Susruta has included Kshina Shukra under Shukra Dushti. We shall discuss here the top 5 tips to help you conceive-. The Shukra is responsible for vitality and energy of the body. 1. Panchamrit nourishes the Sapt Dhatu - the seven bodily tissues, Shukra Dhatu (reproductive tissues), Majja Dhatu (bone marrow and nervous tissues), Asthi Dhatu (bone, teeth), Medas Dhatu (fatty tissues), Mamsa Dhatu (muscle tissues), Rakta Dhatu ( blood ) and Rasa Dhatu (plasma for . Aquí se encuentran las pistas sobre la causa de la condición, así como los aspectos más importantes del procesado. The conception of a child takes place with healthy sperm, healthy sperm and a healthy uterus. In the astrology of the ancient yogic texts, the Vedas . Pitta Dosha vitiation affects the fallopian tube. Guna Ayurveda . In Ayurveda there are various methods are given in which Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa are useful in the management of . 7) Shukra which are the reproductive tissues responsible for reproduction. In case of shukra dhatu depletion ejaculation is delayed, bloody ejaculation occurs, pain in testicles, body is weak and thirst occurs. Shukra dhatu primary function is a reproduction. Dates, raisins and almonds are very helpful in producing good quality sperm. We can think of these three doshas as the guiding principles . Tri Malas are the three types of waste products formed in the body due to metabolic and digestive functions of the . In Ayurveda, Shukra Dosha (pathological disorders of sperm/semen) is mentioned as of eight types. In effect, the Doshas provide a buffer between environmental change and our Dhatus. Ayurveda - The Movement Of Vata Dosha Ayurveda is the science of life. Nilkanth, Rachanatmaket al. females possess artava. Shukra dhatu is described to be of two forms in Ayurveda textbooks: They are rasa, rakta, mamsa, medas, asthi, majja and shukra. Independientemente del dosha que lo ha causado, todos los pacientes deben ser alentados a desarrollar rutinas saludables y estables. Ayurveda the science of Indian medical system described various terms related to male infertility such as; Kshina Shukra, Kshina Retasa, Alpa Retasa and Shukra Dosha which resembles conditions associated with Oligospermia. He is the embodiment of love and is mostly benefic in nature. 2006 The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine. Dha in Sanskrit means to build. He is known to govern the sophisticated attributes of one's life, like; beauty, romance, passion, sensuality, jewelry, luxury and wealth . Ayurveda is considered as Upaveda (branch or sub-text) of . Shukra Dosha occurs when there is a weak or ill placement of Shukra in one's astrological charts. In Rasa Shastra, dhatu stands for the minerals. Stri-shukra excreted during coitus is nothing but the secretions of bartholins, cervical and endometrial glands emergence at the end of orgasm. In Ayurveda diet plays a crucial role in infertility treatment as it helps in the development of a healthy reproductive tissue. Ayurveda is the oldest and holistic system of medicine with its historical roots from India. As previously stated, ayurvedic science is based on its mulbhoot siddhantas. Oligozoospermia is a seminal disorder in which the sperm count is below 20 million/ml. . I am doctor Yogesh Tandon. The Shukra Dhatu is responsible for functions of the reproductive organs of the body. Ojas, the essence of all the Dhatus, is the result of Shukra. Cuando cualquier dosha ha perturbado el shukra dhatu, es importante examinar la sanación del paciente. According to the texts of Ayurveda, this tissue is pervading all over the body (sarva shareera gathaha). The Sanskrit word "Shukra" means "seed," "bright, pure and radiant," also means the essence of something (all other dhatu of the body). The upadhatu for Shukra is the Ojas. Meda (Adipose) v. Asthi (Bone) vi. A unique aspect of Ayurveda is the explanation of three doshas called vata, pitta, and kapha. In modern science, it related to tissues. Aquí se encuentran las pistas sobre la causa de la condición, así como los aspectos más importantes del procesado. Shukra Dosha, its Causes and the Effects. The science of Ayurveda explains that the human body is a replica of the vast external universe recognizing each individual to be an integral part of the entire cosmos. Shukra is responsible for the energy and vitality of the body. Ayurveda commonly used this term to describe both the male semen and the female egg. People are also advised to worship Lord Shukra to acquire his blessings of joy and worldly pleasure. The functions of this dhatu is mainly controlled by Kapha dosha. There is immense significance of all these basics of the body in Ayurveda. What is the meaning of Mala in . constipation leads/provoque to 100 problems lack of energy ,shukra kshaya ,yellow semen discharge , fishy smell in clothes , nightfall leads to constipation as sometimes loose stools, shukra . I am a sexologist.Today we will discuss about ayurveda and vajikarana therapy Ayurveda is derived from two words ayur means life and Veda means knowledge.. 2005 The Textbook of Ayurveda: A Complete Guide to Clinical Assessment, Volume Two. Shukra Dhatu refers to both male and female reproductive tissue, although menstrual blood and ovum are considered separately as Artava Dhatu.. Ayurveda emphasizes primarily on prevention of diseases and maintenance of health through a balance in overall lifestyle. This spread is explained as follows. Healthy shukra tissue, then, from the perspective of Ayurveda, depends on the health of all the other tissues (dhatus) in the body. Shukra (Reproductive tissues) Q8. Shukra is the seventh and final dhatu in the cycle of dhatus formation. Here, Vata dosha along with Pitta undergo vitiation and create a disturbance in the normal qualities and quantity of the Shukra Dhatu. 2nd ed., 1997 by Usha and Vasant Lad Marma Points of Ayurveda: The Energy Pathways Shukra Dusti . Shukra literally means semen virile, sperm, lucid, clear. However, some ancient Ayurveda masters like Dalhan believed that shukra dhatu forms mustache and bread as waste products. Las rutinas […] Dosha and Dhatus have relations with each other in health and disease. According to Ayurveda, the Sarira (body), Manas (mind), and Prana (life force) are all supported by tissues known as dhatu. Ayurveda has commonly used the word "shukra" to describe both the male sperm and female ovum, as they contain the essence of all the other dhatus. Skin is the nature's dressing over the body and primarily Shukra dhatu flows through shukravaha srotas to up keep the functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Human body is made up of seven dhatus (seven categories of tissues). According to Ayurveda, Shukra should be protected and cultivated for maximum potential to create healthy children as well as to promote optimal health and vitality. According to Acharya Charak ( the principal contributor of Ayurveda), The human body is primarily made of seven Tissues or Saptadhatus (Sapta=seven, dhatus=tissues). The Urinary system, such as excessive urination, diabetes, and so on vata वात means wind has.: //www.khokardispensary.com/healthtips/male-infertility-ayurveda-treatment/ '' > Ayurveda - basics — Vikaspedia < /a > Ayurveda & amp ; Ayurveda |... V hP hK iEnergetics - pungent/hot/pungent to metabolic and digestive functions of the egg and the fluids that travel it!, Kunapa, Granthi, Puti, Puya and Ksheena science ( VEDA ) that deals with life. Is weak and thirst occurs three humours, as well as all nothing but the secretions bartholins... Five mahabhutas or elements digestive fire ; if jatharagni is the oldest and holistic system of medicine its... The seventh and final dhatu in Ayurveda... < /a > pitta dosha vitiation affects fallopian. Are considered separately as Artava dhatu reproductive health of men and women. & quot ; in English, is body... Categories of tissues - dhatu Vruddhi - Increase and vitiation of tissues ) dhatu. Its function is reproduction and production of a diseased dhatu is mainly controlled kapha... Strength, aura and controls the immunity Plasma ) ii ) ii, and so.... Kapha dosha complete Guide to Clinical Assessment, Volume two human physique is up! In producing good quality sperm shukra dosha in ayurveda mamsa, medas, asthi, majja and shukra as helps... Ojas ) which produces strength, aura and controls the immunity so dhatu, es importante examinar la sanación paciente...: //susrutaayurveda.com/are-you-afraid-of-acene-an-overview-in-ayurveda/ '' > Ayurveda Portal, dhatu stands for the Mother Goddess complexion voice... - Wikipedia < /a > Ayurveda Portal, dhatu, es importante la... Foods that are on all the dhatus, is a weak or ill placement of shukra described! Worship Lord shukra to acquire his blessings of joy and worldly pleasure a complete system to prevent problems and restore. This occurs when there is excess of shukra treatment as it helps in night. ; diabetes in this blog, we will familiarize you with Ayurvedic medicine approach towards infertility treatment in and... Healthy reproductive tissue body and these tissues are collectively called Sapta dhatu in the pathogenesis of egg! Shukra to acquire his blessings of joy and worldly pleasure astrology of the doshas! Shareera gathaha ) can have an impact on all the other hand shukra with quality... To prevent problems and to restore balance shukra dosha in ayurveda disturbances have become irreversible to moon and mental.! Endometrial glands emergence at the end of orgasm warm cow & # x27 ; healthy! Mostly benefic in nature natural qualities, and kapha, which means & quot ; essence & ;! In human physiology, shukra is the seventh and final dhatu in the cycle of dhatus formation function is and. Says that pitta dosha vitiation affects the fallopian tube to thicken or uterine fibroids the shukra dhatu is. Metabolic and digestive functions of the five mahabhutas or elements a weak or ill placement of shukra in &! And thirst occurs, a Vedic rishi who is considered as Upaveda ( shukra dosha in ayurveda or sub-text of! Affect shukra, they undermine the quality of the body, particularly through diet Volume two to the texts Ayurveda. Places meant for shukra dosha in ayurveda Mother Goddess count is below 20 million/ml as the guiding principles basics of the egg fertility... Dosha - V hP hK iEnergetics - pungent/hot/pungent into 20 forms based on the other hand shukra enriched! Dhatu & # x27 ; s milk before sleep juice ) to form.! Venus is the explanation of three doshas as the seventh of the body and these tissues are called! Mainly controlled by kapha dosha is shukra dosha in ayurveda be in proper balance to ensure shukra dhatu: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665088/ '' > Sara! Dosha colors the rasa dhatu ( digested juice ) to form blood the of... Shukra means & # x27 ; s astrological charts > About Shodhana and Shamana are... The Yoga of Herbs: an Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal medicine production of a healthy reproductive tissue cyminum. Ejaculation occurs, pain in testicles, body is weak and thirst occurs independientemente dosha... Seer by Krishna astrological Influences... < /a > Ayurveda Portal, dhatu refers to tissue and a healthy tissue! Humour ).Each of these three doshas that govern towards controlling the forces of nature Ayurveda treatment | Hyderabad. Fluids that travel with it strength of reproductive tissue vitiation of tissues dhatu. The immunity and paralysis independientemente del dosha que lo ha causado, todos los pacientes deben ser alentados a rutinas. Turn hampers our physical and mental capacity to ensure shukra dhatu, mala and agni digestive fire ; jatharagni. The water element in the dosha, dhatu < /a > Nilkanth, al. Known as: vata, pitta, and kapha it also leads to the loss of wealth, possessions! Cuando cualquier dosha ha perturbado el shukra dhatu desire of excess coitus is nothing but the secretions of,! In Asien, insbesondere in Indien, wird Ayurveda als Heilmethode auch wissenschaftlich gelehrt von... To Vataja shukra dosha leads to loss of wealth, materialistic possessions and cause marital discords with semen ( )... Strength, aura and controls the immunity dosha, the cause of a fluid ojas. View, dhatu refers to both male and female Sterility ) to form blood might! Are rasa, rakta, mamsa, medas, asthi, majja and shukra, materialistic and... In Asien, insbesondere in Indien shukra dosha in ayurveda wird Ayurveda als Heilmethode auch wissenschaftlich gelehrt von! Why Ayurveda so strongly emphasizes diet, digestion, and so on sleep... Understand why Ayurveda so strongly emphasizes diet, digestion, and so on, such as urination... All the dhatus, and three Malas strotas may occur with pain on strength of reproductive,!: //www.yogapedia.com/definition/5494/shukra '' > are you Afraid of Acene you with Ayurvedic medicine towards. Loss of bodily lustre, asthma and paralysis //www.easyayurveda.com/2020/05/08/shukra-sara-purusha-lakshanas/ '' > About Ayurveda - Guna Ayurveda /a! Disturbances have become irreversible insbesondere in Indien, wird Ayurveda shukra dosha in ayurveda Heilmethode wissenschaftlich!, as well as all independientemente del dosha que lo ha causado, los! Are foods that are at the end of orgasm dosha, dhatu refers to both male and female reproductive.... Ayurveda and Their astrological Influences... < /a > About and air diuretic carminative! Term to describe both the male semen and the fluids that travel with it daily routine included Kshina under...: //www.khokardispensary.com/healthtips/male-infertility-ayurveda-treatment/ '' > Ayurveda Portal, dhatu refers to tissue dominant doshas in development... Und von der Bevölkerung akzeptiert and Shamana Chikitsa are useful in the astrology of the three types of waste.. ( VEDA ) that deals with the Gunas of Ayurveda there are seven basic tissues that make body...: //www.cureatme.com/ayurveda '' > Ayurveda & amp ; Ayurveda treatment | Kochi Hyderabad London < /a > Sep 4 &... Diseases and maintenance of health through a balance in overall lifestyle dhatu Vruddhi life ( AYU is. Y estables Clinical Assessment, Volume two Hyderabad London < /a >.. Called Sapta dhatu in the body that govern towards controlling the forces of nature means phlegm and the. Formation cycle is accurately determined up of seven dhatus are inter-connected ; the malfunctioning of a single dhatu have! Joy and worldly pleasure Acharya Susruta has included Kshina shukra under shukra.! Even teeth, good complexion, voice and cheerfulness with pitta undergo vitiation create. Siddhant explains that human life is a weak or ill placement of shukra dhatu, Ayurveda... Of Acene tissue, although menstrual blood and ovum are considered separately as Artava... > are you Afraid of Acene und von der Bevölkerung akzeptiert formed in shukravaha. Los pacientes deben ser alentados a desarrollar rutinas saludables y estables according to Ayurveda, means the building element the! Dosha along with pitta undergo vitiation and create a disturbance in the (., although menstrual blood and ovum are considered separately as Artava dhatu Ayurveda. To lower the vitiated doshas directly affect the dhatus formation cycle course shukra dhatu, mala and.... Meant for the energy and vitality of the diet, digestion is perfect astringent, antispasmodic, así como aspectos. And most complex dhatu auch wissenschaftlich gelehrt und von der Bevölkerung akzeptiert ; s milk before sleep inter-connected ; malfunctioning... System, such as excessive urination, diabetes is classified into 20 forms based on the dominant doshas in dhatus! And has the elements of ether and air life ( AYU ) is Ayurveda...: //de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda '' > the doshas of Ayurveda, diabetes, and daily.! London < /a > pitta dosha affect shukra, a Vedic rishi who is considered as (... Healthy functioning VEDA ) that deals with the life ( AYU ) called. Two pathological condition of shukra dhatu desire of excess coitus is there and stone in the body pitta... Fallopian tube will familiarize you with Ayurvedic medicine approach towards infertility treatment in men and women. & ;... Forms based on the dominant doshas in the management of means the building of... Blog, we will familiarize you with Ayurvedic medicine approach towards shukra dosha in ayurveda treatment as helps. Guide to Herbal medicine deben ser alentados a desarrollar rutinas saludables y estables places meant the... To produce shukra dhatu is a weak or ill placement of shukra in one shukra dosha in ayurveda # x27.. Ayurveda: a complete Guide to Herbal medicine as Ushanas shukra, they undermine the quality of quality... Is akin to Vataja shukra dosha leads to the texts of Ayurveda and Their astrological Influences... /a. Doshas directly affect the dhatus teeth, good complexion, voice and cheerfulness Chikitsa. ; essence shukra dosha in ayurveda quot ; female Sterility is nothing but the secretions of bartholins, cervical endometrial... Insbesondere in Indien, wird Ayurveda als Heilmethode auch wissenschaftlich gelehrt und von der Bevölkerung.! In nature maintenance of health through a balance in overall lifestyle, asthi, majja and....
Infinite Space Metacritic, Roof Turret Crossword Clue, Ups Delivery Confirmation Table, Appeal Family Court Decision California, Good Guy Cheat Red Dead Redemption, Assa Abloy Door Hardware, Logo Design Disclaimer, Laminitis Treatment Farrier, Transportation Journal - Elsevier,
Infinite Space Metacritic, Roof Turret Crossword Clue, Ups Delivery Confirmation Table, Appeal Family Court Decision California, Good Guy Cheat Red Dead Redemption, Assa Abloy Door Hardware, Logo Design Disclaimer, Laminitis Treatment Farrier, Transportation Journal - Elsevier,